Rhythmical contractility of blood vessels was first observed in bat wing veins by Jones (Philos Trans R Soc Lond 1852:142, 131-136), and subsequently described in arteries and arterioles of multiple vascular beds in several species. Despite an abundance of descriptive literature regarding the presence of vasomotion, to date we do not have an accurate picture of the cellular and ionic basis of these oscillations in tone, or the physiological relevance of the changes in pulsatile blood flow arising from vasomotion. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying vasomotion in resistance arteries and arterioles. Focus is directed to the ion channels, changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and involvement of intercellular gap junctions in the development and synchronization of rhythmic changes in membrane potential and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration within the vessel wall that contribute to vasomotion. The physiological consequences of vasomotion are discussed with a focus on the cerebral vasculature, as recent advances show that rhythmic oscillations in cerebral arteriolar diameter appear to be entrained by cortical neural activity to increase the local supply of blood flow to active regions of the brain.
Keywords: Arteriole; Artery; Endothelium; Neurovascular coupling; Sympathetic nerve; Vascular smooth muscle; Vasomotion.