Human coronavirus alone or in co-infection with rhinovirus C is a risk factor for severe respiratory disease and admission to the pediatric intensive care unit: A one-year study in Southeast Brazil

PLoS One. 2019 Jun 3;14(6):e0217744. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217744. eCollection 2019.

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to assess the profile of respiratory viruses in young children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) and its association with disease severity, defined as need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission.

Design: Prospective observational cohort study.

Setting: A tertiary-care university hospital in Brazil.

Patients: Children younger than three years attending the pediatric emergency room with ALRI who were admitted to the hospital.

Interventions: None.

Measurements and main results: Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients from June 1st, 2008 to May 31st, 2009within the first 48 hours of hospitalization. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for 17humanrespiratory viruses by molecular and immunofluorescence based assays. Simple and multiple log-binomial regression models were constructed to assess associations of virus type with a need for PICU admission. Age, prematurity, the presence of an underlying disease and congenital heart disease were covariates. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were positive for at least one virus in 236 patients. Rhinoviruses were detected in 85.6% of samples, with a preponderance of rhinovirus C (RV-C) (61.9%). Respiratory syncytial virus was detected in 59.8% and human coronavirus (HCoV) in 11% of the samples. Co-detections of two to five viruses were found in 78% of the patients. The detection of HCoV alone (adjusted relative risk (RR) 2.18; 95% CI 1.15-4.15) or in co-infection with RV-C (adjusted RR 2.37; 95% CI 1.23-4.58) was independently associated with PICU admission.

Conclusions: The detection of HCoV alone or in co-infection with RV-C was independently associated with PICU admission in young children hospitalized for ALRI.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Coinfection / epidemiology*
  • Coinfection / virology*
  • Enterovirus / physiology*
  • Female
  • Hospitalization*
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Intensive Care Units, Pediatric*
  • Male
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / epidemiology*
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / virology*
  • Risk Factors

Supplementary concepts

  • Rhinovirus C

Grants and funding

AKM and EAN supported mainly by an academic grant from Abbott Laboratórios do Brasil Ltda based on an unrestricted investigator-generated proposal. EAN Additional funding was provided by a grant from the Sao Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP) and by FAEPA - “Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino Pesquisa e Assistência” (in English would be “Foundation of Support to Teaching Research and Assistance) of the University of Sao Paulo Hospital of Ribeirão Preto. EA has long standing scholarship support from the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.