Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization capacity of bi-allelic mutations from severe perinatal and asymptomatic hypophosphatasia phenotypes: Results from an in vitro mutagenesis model

Abstract

Background: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inherited metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced mineralization due to mutations in the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) gene. HPP is clinically variable with extensive allelic heterogeneity in the ALPL gene. We report the findings of in vitro functional studies following site-directed mutagenesis in bi-allelic mutations causing extreme clinical phenotypes; severe perinatal and asymptomatic HPP.

Aims: Elucidate genotype-phenotype correlation using in vitro functional studies and 3 dimensional (3D) ALP modelling.

Methods: Clinical, biochemical and radiological features were recorded in two children with extreme HPP phenotypes: Subject 1 (S1): Perinatal HPP with compound heterozygous mutations (c.110T>C; c.532T>C); Subject 2 (S2): asymptomatic with homozygous missense mutation (c.715G>T). Plasmids created for mutants 1 c.110T>C (L37P), 2 c.532T>C (Y178H) and 3 c.715G>T (D239Y) using in vitro mutagenesis were transfected into human osteosarcoma (U₂OS) cells and compared to wildtype (WT) and mock cDNA. ALP activity was measured using enzyme kinetics with p-nitrophenylphosphate. Mineral deposition was evaluated photometrically with Alizarin Red S staining after culture with mineralization medium. Western blot analysis was performed to identify the mature type protein expression (80 kDa). Mutations were located on a 3D ALP model. Co-transfection was performed to identify dominant negative effect of the mutants.

Results: Phenotype: S1, had typical perinatal HPP phenotype at birth; extremely under-mineralized bones and pulmonary hypoplasia. S2, diagnosed incidentally by laboratory tests at 4 years, had normal growth, development, dentition and radiology. All S2's siblings (3 homozygous, 1 heterozygous) were asymptomatic. All subjects had typical biochemical features of HPP (low ALP, high serum pyridoxal-5'-phosphate), except the heterozygous sibling (normal ALP). Functional assay: Mutants 1 and 2 demonstrated negligible ALP activity and mineralization was 7.9% and 9.3% of WT, respectively. Mutant 3 demonstrated about 50% ALP activity and 15.5% mineralization of WT. On Western blot analysis, mutants 1 and 2 were detected as faint bands indicating reduced expression and mutant 3 was expressed as mature form protein with 50% of WT expression. Mutant 1 was located near the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, 2 at the core structure of the ALP protein and 3 at the periphery of the protein structure. Co-transfection did not reveal a dominant negative effect in any of the mutants.

Conclusion: Our findings expand the current knowledge of functional effect of individual mutations and the importance of their location in the ALP structure.

Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase; Enzyme activity; Hypophosphatasia; Mineralization; TNAP; TNSALP.