Role of Apple Phytochemicals, Phloretin and Phloridzin, in Modulating Processes Related to Intestinal Inflammation

Nutrients. 2019 May 25;11(5):1173. doi: 10.3390/nu11051173.

Abstract

Plant-derived food consumption has gained attention as potential intervention for the improvement of intestinal inflammatory diseases. Apple consumption has been shown to be effective at ameliorating intestinal inflammation symptoms. These beneficial effects have been related to (poly)phenols, including phloretin (Phlor) and its glycoside named phloridzin (Phldz). To deepen the modulatory effects of these molecules we studied: i) their influence on the synthesis of proinflammatory molecules (PGE2, IL-8, IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1) in IL-1β-treated myofibroblasts of the colon CCD-18Co cell line, and ii) the inhibitory potential of the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The results showed that Phlor (10-50 μM) decreased the synthesis of PGE2 and IL-8 and the formation of AGEs by different mechanisms. It is concluded that Phlor and Phldz, compounds found exclusively in apples, are positively associated with potential beneficial effects of apple consumption.

Keywords: CCD-18Co; anti-inflammatory; antiglycation; antioxidant activity; apple; myofibroblasts; phloretin; phloridzin.

MeSH terms

  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents / therapeutic use
  • Cell Line
  • Colon / drug effects*
  • Colon / metabolism
  • Colon / pathology
  • Diet
  • Dinoprostone / metabolism
  • Fruit / chemistry*
  • Glycation End Products, Advanced / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / diet therapy
  • Inflammation / drug therapy
  • Inflammation / metabolism*
  • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / diet therapy
  • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / drug therapy
  • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / metabolism
  • Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / metabolism
  • Interleukin-1beta
  • Interleukin-6 / metabolism
  • Interleukin-8 / metabolism
  • Malus / chemistry*
  • Phloretin / pharmacology*
  • Phloretin / therapeutic use
  • Phlorhizin / pharmacology*
  • Phlorhizin / therapeutic use
  • Phytochemicals / pharmacology
  • Phytochemicals / therapeutic use
  • Phytotherapy
  • Plant Extracts / pharmacology*
  • Plant Extracts / therapeutic use
  • Polyphenols / pharmacology
  • Polyphenols / therapeutic use
  • Receptors, CCR2 / metabolism

Substances

  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents
  • Glycation End Products, Advanced
  • Interleukin-1beta
  • Interleukin-6
  • Interleukin-8
  • Phytochemicals
  • Plant Extracts
  • Polyphenols
  • Receptors, CCR2
  • Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
  • Phlorhizin
  • Dinoprostone
  • Phloretin