Predictive Factors and Safety of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Combination With Propofol Deep Sedation in Left Atrial Ablation Procedures

Abstract

Catheter ablation is nowadays the core treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Propofol infusion sedation is an accepted safety strategy; however, respiratory depression with respiratory variations is frequent. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) added to deep sedation could improve procedural safety and success. We sought to assess the predictive factors and safety of NIV in combination to propofol deep sedation in left atrial ablation procedures. Procedural data from 252 consecutive patients who underwent left atrial ablation (166 [66%] persistent, 86 [34%] for paroxysmal AF) were analyzed. Sedation with 1% propofol was used in all procedures and controlled by electrophysiologists. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed regularly during the procedure. NIV was indicated for respiratory depression with pH <7.25 and pCO₂ >50 mm Hg or agitated patient with the need for more profound sedation. No patient needed endotracheal intubation, and no procedure was abandoned due to adverse effects of sedation. NIV was used in 25 patients (10%). Predictive factors for the use of NIV were high-dose propofol sedation (p = 0.010), persistent AF (p = 0.029), prolonged procedure time (p = 0.006), increased body mass index (p = 0.008) and presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; p <0.001). In a Cox regression analysis, OSA was an independent factor for NIV use (p = 0.016). In conclusion, propofol deep sedation for patients who underwent left atrial ablation is safe. Adding NIV in high-risk patients (i.e., OSA, high body mass index, and lengthy procedure duration) provides better respiratory homeostasis and could impact long-term procedure results.