Burden of disease at the same limit of exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons varies significantly across countries depending on the gap in longevity

Abstract

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) disproportionately affect human health across the globe, and differential exposure is believed to drive the unequal health burden. Therefore, this study assessed and compared the burden of disease, in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), at the same level (or limit) of exposure to atmospheric PAHs in nine countries. We calculated the DALYs per person-year per ng/m³ of benzo[a]pyrene from ten cancers and thirty-four non-cancer adverse outcomes using published toxicity information and country-specific disease severity. Exposure duration was averaged over 30 years and we adjusted for early-life vulnerability to cancer. The DALYs per person-year per ng/m³ of fifteen other individual PAHs was calculated using relative potency factors, and toxicity factors derived from quantitative structure-activity relationships. We found that even at the same level of exposure to PAHs, the incremental burdens of disease varied substantially across countries. For instance, they varied by about 2-3 folds between Nigeria and the USA. Countries having the lowest longevity had the highest DALYs per person-year per ng/m³ of each PAH. Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05) showed that the variation across countries was significant. The post hoc tests detected a significant difference between two countries when the gap in longevity was >10 years. This suggests that countries having very low average life expectancy require more stringent PAH limit. Linear or exponential function of average longevity gave valid approximation of the DALYs per person-year per ng/m³ of benzo[a]pyrene or phenanthrene, respectively. Furthermore, we used global gridded surface benzo[a]pyrene concentrations and global population dataset for 2007, with spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°, to calculate the contribution of differential exposures to the estimated DALYs per person-year. We found that in six out of nine countries, differential exposures to PAH contribute less to the estimated health loss than differential severities of the diseases. This indicates that the risk to health from PAHs may be underreported if the severities of the diseases in the countries are not considered.

Keywords: Cumulative risk assessment; Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR); Relative toxicity factor (RTF); Susceptibility; Vulnerability.