Caste-based differential transcriptional expression of hexamerins in response to a juvenile hormone analog in the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)

PLoS One. 2019 May 20;14(5):e0216800. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216800. eCollection 2019.

Abstract

The reproductive ground plan hypothesis proposes that gene networks regulating foraging behavior and reproductive female physiology in social insects emerged from ancestral gene and endocrine factor networks. Expression of storage proteins such as vitellogenins and hexamerins is an example of this co-option. Hexamerins, through their role modulating juvenile hormone availability, are involved in caste determination in termites. The genome of the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) encodes four hexamerin genes, hexamerin-like (LOC105192919, hereafter called hexamerin 1), hexamerin (LOC105204474, hereafter called hexamerin 2), arylphorin subunit alpha-like, and arylphorin subunit beta. In this study, a phylogenetic analysis of the S. invicta hexamerins determined that each predicted protein clustered with one of the orthologous Apis mellifera hexamerins. Gene expression analyses by RT-qPCR revealed differential expression of the hexamerins between queens and workers, and between specific task-allocated workers (nurses and foragers). Queens and nurses had significantly higher expression of all genes when compared to foragers. Hexamerin 1 was expressed at higher levels in queens, while hexamerin 2 and arylphorin subunit beta were expressed at significantly higher levels in nurses. Arylphorin subunit alpha-like showed no significant difference in expression between virgin queens and nurses. Additionally, we analyzed the relationship between the expression of hexamerin genes and S-hydroprene, a juvenile hormone analog. Significant changes in hexamerin expression were recorded in nurses, virgin queens, and foragers 12 h after application of the analog. Hexamerin 1 and arylphorin subunit alpha-like expression were significantly lower after analog application in virgin queens. In foragers, hexamerin 2 and arylphorin subunit beta were significantly lower after analog application, while in nurses expression of all genes were significantly lower after analog application. Our results suggest that in S. invicta hexamerin genes could be associated with reproductive division of labor and task-allocation of workers.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Ants / genetics
  • Ants / metabolism*
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Regulation / drug effects*
  • Insect Proteins / biosynthesis*
  • Insect Proteins / genetics
  • Juvenile Hormones / pharmacology*
  • Vitellogenins / biosynthesis*
  • Vitellogenins / genetics

Substances

  • Insect Proteins
  • Juvenile Hormones
  • Vitellogenins
  • storage proteins, Insecta

Grants and funding

Research was supported by competitive funds to CT and PVP from the Texas Invasive Ant Research and Management program from Texas A&M AgriLife Research and the National Science Foundation Integrative Organismal Systems award number 1257837 (2013–2017) to PVP and CT. This work is/was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project Accession Numbers 1015773 (CT), and 1002279 (PVP). CT and PVP programs are supported by NIFA. The open access publishing fees for this article have been covered by the Texas A&M University Online Access to Knowledge (OAK) Fund, supported by the University Libraries and the Office of the Vice President for Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.