Introduction: Transportation of the nutrients and other substances from the blood to the brain is selectively controlled by the brain capillary endothelial cells that form a restrictive barrier, so-called blood-brain barrier (BBB). Currently, there is no unimpeachable approach to overcome the BBB obstructiveness because the existing options are either invasive or ineffective.
Areas covered: This review delineates the biological impacts of BBB on brain drug delivery and targeting. The nanoscaled multifunctional shuttles armed with the targeting entities (e.g., antibodies and peptides) are discussed. Important insights are remarked into the combinatorial screening methodologies used for the identification of de novo peptides capable of crossing BBB and targeting the brain.
Expert opinion: Depending on the physicochemical properties of small molecules and macromolecules, they may cross the BBB and get into the brain either through passive diffusion or active/facilitated transportation and transcytosis in a very selectively controlled manner. Phage-derived shuttle peptides can specifically be selected against BBB endocytic machinery and used in engineering novel peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs). Nanoscaled multitargeting delivery systems encompassing PDCs can overcome the BBB obstructiveness and deliver drugs specifically to diseased cells in the brain with trivial side effects.
Keywords: Blood-brain barrier; brain drug delivery; brain drug targeting; peptide-drug conjugates; phage display; shuttle peptides.