Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) encompass permanent cardiac pacemakers (PM) and implantable cardioverterdefibrillators (ICD). CIED play an important role in treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, including significant bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias. The conventional right ventricular endocardial leads as well as right ventricular pacing may increase valvular defects (especially dysfunction of tricuspid and mitral valve), cause adverse cardiac remodelling and lead to a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction. These changes may be due to mechanical damage to the leaflets or other structures of the tricuspid apparatus, such as the annulus, papillary muscles or chordae tendineae. In addition, the endocardial lead passing through the tricuspid valve may adhere to it and exacerbate the inflammatory processes and fibrosis of its leaflets. On the other hand, right ventricular pacing leads to electromechanical dyssynchrony of the cardiac muscle. New forms of CIED therapy such as leadless pacemakers, His bundle pacing, synchronized left ventricular pacing or biventricular pacing may reduce some adverse changes induced by the right ventricular pacing with the use of conventional cardiac pacemakers. Similarly, subcutaneous cardioverter-defibrillators, despite limitations, may prevent some complications associated with traditional implantable cardioverterdefibrillator lead.
Keywords: ICD; cardiac remodelling; endocardial lead; pacemaker; tricuspid valve.
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