Developmental fidelity is imposed by genetically separable RalGEF activities that mediate opposing signals

PLoS Genet. 2019 May 14;15(5):e1008056. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008056. eCollection 2019 May.

Abstract

The six C. elegans vulval precursor cells (VPCs) are induced to form the 3°-3°-2°-1°-2°-3° pattern of cell fates with high fidelity. In response to EGF signal, the LET-60/Ras-LIN-45/Raf-MEK-2/MEK-MPK-1/ERK canonical MAP kinase cascade is necessary to induce 1° fate and synthesis of DSL ligands for the lateral Notch signal. In turn, LIN-12/Notch receptor is necessary to induce neighboring cells to become 2°. We previously showed that, in response to graded EGF signal, the modulatory LET-60/Ras-RGL-1/RalGEF-RAL-1/Ral signal promotes 2° fate in support of LIN-12. In this study, we identify two key differences between RGL-1 and RAL-1. First, deletion of RGL-1 confers no overt developmental defects, while previous studies showed RAL-1 to be essential for viability and fertility. From this observation, we hypothesize that the essential functions of RAL-1 are independent of upstream activation. Second, RGL-1 plays opposing and genetically separable roles in VPC fate patterning. RGL-1 promotes 2° fate via canonical GEF-dependent activation of RAL-1. Conversely, RGL-1 promotes 1° fate via a non-canonical GEF-independent activity. Our genetic epistasis experiments are consistent with RGL-1 functioning in the modulatory 1°-promoting AGE-1/PI3-Kinase-PDK-1-AKT-1 cascade. Additionally, animals lacking RGL-1 experience 15-fold higher rates of VPC patterning errors compared to the wild type. Yet VPC patterning in RGL-1 deletion mutants is not more sensitive to environmental perturbations. We propose that RGL-1 functions to orchestrate opposing 1°- and 2°-promoting modulatory cascades to decrease developmental stochasticity. We speculate that such switches are broadly conserved but mostly masked by paralog redundancy or essential functions.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Body Patterning / genetics
  • Caenorhabditis elegans / genetics*
  • Caenorhabditis elegans / growth & development
  • Caenorhabditis elegans / metabolism
  • Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / genetics
  • Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / metabolism
  • Epidermal Growth Factor / genetics*
  • Epidermal Growth Factor / metabolism
  • Epistasis, Genetic
  • Female
  • Fertility / genetics
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental*
  • Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / genetics*
  • Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / metabolism
  • Receptors, Notch / genetics
  • Receptors, Notch / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction
  • Stem Cells / cytology
  • Stem Cells / metabolism
  • Vulva / cytology
  • Vulva / growth & development
  • Vulva / metabolism*
  • raf Kinases / genetics
  • raf Kinases / metabolism
  • ral GTP-Binding Proteins / genetics
  • ral GTP-Binding Proteins / metabolism
  • ras Proteins / genetics
  • ras Proteins / metabolism

Substances

  • Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
  • Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
  • Lin-12 protein, C elegans
  • Receptors, Notch
  • let-60 protein, C elegans
  • Epidermal Growth Factor
  • lin-45 protein, C elegans
  • raf Kinases
  • RAL-1 protein, C elegans
  • ral GTP-Binding Proteins
  • ras Proteins