Mainly additive gene action governed inheritance of haploid male fertility, although epistatic effects were also significant. Recurrent selection for haploid male fertility resulted in substantial improvement in this trait. The doubled haploid (DH) technology offers several advantages in maize breeding compared to the traditional method of recurrent selfing. However, there is still great potential for improving the success rate of DH production. Currently, the majority of haploid plants are infertile after chromosome doubling treatment by antimitotic agents such as colchicine and cannot be selfed for production of DH lines. Improvement in haploid male fertility (HMF) by selection for a higher spontaneous chromosome doubling rate (SDR) has the potential to increase DH production efficiency. To investigate the gene action governing SDR in two breeding populations, we adapted the quantitative-genetic model of Eberhart and Gardner (in Biometrics 22:864-881. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528079 , 1966) for the case of haploid progeny from ten DH lines and corresponding diallel crosses. Furthermore, we carried out three cycles of recurrent selection for SDR in two additional populations to evaluate the selection gain for this trait. Additive genetic effects predominated in both diallel crosses, but epistatic effects were also significant. Entry-mean heritability of SDR observed for haploid progeny of these populations exceeded 0.91, but the single-plant heritability relevant to selection was low, ranging from 0.11 to 0.19. Recurrent selection increased SDR from approximately 5-50%, which suggests the presence of few QTL with large effects. This improvement in HMF is greater than the effect of standard colchicine treatment, which yields at maximum 30% fertile haploids. Altogether, the results show the great potential of spontaneous chromosome doubling to streamline development DH lines and to enable new breeding schemes with more efficient allocation of resources.