Purpose of review: The phosphaturic hormone FGF23 is produced primarily in osteoblasts/osteocytes and is known to respond to increases in serum phosphate and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (1,25D). Novel regulators of FGF23 were recently identified, and may help explain the pathophysiologies of several diseases. This review will focus on recent studies examining the synthesis and actions of FGF23.
Recent findings: The synthesis of FGF23 in response to 1,25D is similar to other steroid hormone targets, but the cellular responses to phosphate remain largely unknown. The activity of intracellular processing genes control FGF23 glycosylation and phosphorylation, providing critical functions in determining the serum levels of bioactive FGF23. The actions of FGF23 largely occur through its co-receptor αKlotho (KL) under normal circumstances, but FGF23 has KL-independent activity during situations of high concentrations.
Summary: Recent work regarding FGF23 synthesis and bioactivity, as well as considerations for diseases of altered phosphate balance will be reviewed.
Keywords: FAM20C; FGF23; Fibroblast growth factor-23; Furin; GALNT3; Klotho; PSC3; PTH; osteomalacia; phosphate; rickets; vitamin D.