Oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in earthworms induced by five imidazolium bromide ionic liquids with different alkyl chains

Yuting Shao; Jinhua Wang; Jun Wang; Zhongkun Du; Bing Li; Lusheng Zhu; Albert Juhasz; Xiaoyan Liu; Yaqi Xu; Wenxiu Li

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.091

Oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in earthworms induced by five imidazolium bromide ionic liquids with different alkyl chains

Chemosphere. 2019 Jul:227:570-579. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.091. Epub 2019 Apr 13.

Authors

Yuting Shao¹, Jinhua Wang², Jun Wang³, Zhongkun Du⁴, Bing Li⁵, Lusheng Zhu⁶, Albert Juhasz⁷, Xiaoyan Liu⁸, Yaqi Xu⁹, Wenxiu Li¹⁰

Affiliations

¹ College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: shaoyuting099@163.com.
² College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: wjh@sdau.edu.cn.
³ College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: jwang@sdau.edu.cn.
⁴ College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: dzk66@sdau.edu.cn.
⁵ College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: libing201709@163.com.
⁶ College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: lushzhu@sdau.edu.cn.
⁷ Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia. Electronic address: Albert.Juhasz@unisa.edu.au.
⁸ College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: eti@sdau.edu.cn.
⁹ College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: xuyaqi612@163.com.
¹⁰ College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China. Electronic address: liwenxiu319@163.com.

PMID: 31004823
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.091

Abstract

In this study, the acute and subchronic toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazole bromide ionic liquids (ILs) [C_nmim]Br (n = 2, 4, 6, 10, 12) was evaluated utilizing earthworms (Eisenia fetida) as a basis for their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. The filter paper tests and artificial soil tests were conducted as acute toxicity tests to investigate the LC₅₀ of ILs, while in subchronic toxicity tests, earthworms were exposed to ILs in artificial soil (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg^-1) for 28 d. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes, detoxifying enzymes and oxidative damage were measured to determine subchronic effects of ILs on E. fetida. The results showed that when the earthworms were exposed to these five ILs in acute toxicity experiments, [C₂mim]Br had the lowest toxicity, as the alkyl length increased, the toxicity increased up to [C₁₀mim]Br: a "cut-off effect" (decreased toxicity) was observed at [C₁₂mim]Br. The results highlight the varying toxicity of ILs with different alkyl chains to E. fetida and provide valuable data for detailing the impact of ILs on ecological receptors.

Keywords: Detoxifying enzyme; Earthworms; Ionic liquids; Oxidative damage; Oxidative enzymes.

MeSH terms

Animals
Antioxidants / metabolism
DNA Damage*
Hydrocarbons, Brominated / chemistry
Hydrocarbons, Brominated / toxicity*
Imidazoles / chemistry
Imidazoles / toxicity*
Inactivation, Metabolic
Ionic Liquids / chemistry
Ionic Liquids / toxicity*
Lethal Dose 50
Oligochaeta / drug effects*
Oligochaeta / genetics
Oligochaeta / metabolism
Oxidative Stress / drug effects*
Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
Toxicity Tests, Acute

Substances

Antioxidants
Hydrocarbons, Brominated
Imidazoles
Ionic Liquids
Reactive Oxygen Species
1-methylimidazole