Remote sensing data that are efficiently used in ecological research and management are seldom used to study insect pest infestations in agricultural ecosystems. Here, we used multispectral satellite and aircraft data to evaluate the relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) infestation in commercial winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields in Kansas, USA. We used visible and near-infrared data from each aerial platform to develop a series of NDVI maps for multiple fields for most of the winter wheat growing season. Hessian fly infestation in each field was surveyed in a uniform grid of multiple sampling points. For both satellite and aircraft data, NDVI decreased with increasing pest infestation. Despite the coarse resolution, NDVI from satellite data performed substantially better in explaining pest infestation in the fields than NDVI from high-resolution aircraft data. These results indicate that remote sensing data can be used to assess the areas of poor growth and health of wheat plants due to Hessian fly infestation. Our study suggests that remotely sensed data, including those from satellites orbiting >700 km from the surface of Earth, can offer valuable information on the occurrence and severity of pest infestations in agricultural areas.