Clinicopathological spectrum of renal parenchymal involvement in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders

Abstract

The clinicopathological characteristics of kidney infiltration in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders remain poorly described. We retrospectively studied 52 adults with biopsy-proven malignant B-cell kidney infiltration, including Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (n=21), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n=11), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n=8), other lymphoma (n=11), and multiple myeloma (n=1). Kidney disease varied according to the underlying lymphoproliferative disorder. In DLBCL, malignant kidney infiltration was prominent, resulting in acute kidney injury (AKI, 75%) and kidney enlargement (88%). In the other types, associated immunoglobulin-related nephropathy (most commonly AL amyloidosis) was more common (45%), and chronic kidney disease with proteinuria was the primary presentation. All patients received chemotherapy. Over a median follow-up of 31 months, 20 patients died and 21 reached end-stage kidney disease. Renal response, achieved in 25 patients (48%), was associated with higher overall survival (97 vs. 37 months in non-renal responders). In univariate analysis, percentage of sclerotic glomeruli, kidney enlargement, and complete hematological response at 6 months were predictive of renal response. In multivariate analysis, concomitant immunoglobulin-related nephropathy was the sole independent predictor of poor renal outcome. In conclusion, clinical presentation of renal lymphomatous infiltration depends on the nature of the underlying lymphoproliferative disorder. In DLBCL, massive renal infiltration manifests with enlarged kidneys and AKI, and the diagnosis primarily relies on lymph node biopsy. In other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, the clinicopathological spectrum is more heterogeneous, with a high frequency of immunoglobulin-related nephropathy that may affect renal outcome; thus kidney biopsy is required for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment.

Keywords: B-cell lymphoma; acute kidney injury; kidney biopsy; monoclonal gammopathy.