The roles of apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response in arbovirus, influenza virus, and HIV infections

Parvaneh Mehrbod; Sudharsana R Ande; Javad Alizadeh; Shahrzad Rahimizadeh; Aryana Shariati; Hadis Malek; Mohammad Hashemi; Kathleen K M Glover; Affan A Sher; Kevin M Coombs; Saeid Ghavami

doi:10.1080/21505594.2019.1605803

The roles of apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response in arbovirus, influenza virus, and HIV infections

Virulence. 2019 Dec;10(1):376-413. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1605803.

Authors

Parvaneh Mehrbod¹, Sudharsana R Ande², Javad Alizadeh^{3

4

5}, Shahrzad Rahimizadeh⁶, Aryana Shariati³, Hadis Malek⁷, Mohammad Hashemi⁸, Kathleen K M Glover⁹, Affan A Sher⁹, Kevin M Coombs^{4

9

10}, Saeid Ghavami^{3

4

5

11}

Affiliations

¹ a Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department , Past eur Institute of IRAN , Tehran , Iran.
² b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.
³ c Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.
⁴ d Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.
⁵ e Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology , CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada.
⁶ f Department of Medical Microbiology , Assiniboine Community College, School of Health and Human Services and Continuing Education , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.
⁷ g Department of Biology , Islamic Azad University , Mashhad , Iran.
⁸ h Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran.
⁹ i Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.
¹⁰ j Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.
¹¹ k Health Policy Research Centre , Shiraz Medical University of Medical Science , Shiraz , Iran.

Abstract

Virus infection induces different cellular responses in infected cells. These include cellular stress responses like autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR). Both autophagy and UPR are connected to programed cell death I (apoptosis) in chronic stress conditions to regulate cellular homeostasis via Bcl2 family proteins, CHOP and Beclin-1. In this review article we first briefly discuss arboviruses, influenza virus, and HIV and then describe the concepts of apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR. Finally, we focus upon how apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR are involved in the regulation of cellular responses to arboviruses, influenza virus and HIV infections. Abbreviation: AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; ATF6: Activating Transcription Factor 6; ATG6: Autophagy-specific Gene 6; BAG3: BCL Associated Athanogene 3; Bak: BCL-2-Anatagonist/Killer1; Bax; BCL-2: Associated X protein; Bcl-2: B cell Lymphoma 2x; BiP: Chaperon immunoglobulin heavy chain binding Protein; CARD: Caspase Recruitment Domain; cART: combination Antiretroviral Therapy; CCR5: C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5; CD4: Cluster of Differentiation 4; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; CXCR4: C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4; Cyto c: Cytochrome C; DCs: Dendritic Cells; EDEM1: ER-degradation enhancing-a-mannosidase-like protein 1; ENV: Envelope; ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum; FasR: Fas Receptor;G2: Gap 2; G2/M: Gap2/Mitosis; GFAP: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; GP120: Glycoprotein120; GP41: Glycoprotein41; HAND: HIV Associated Neurodegenerative Disease; HEK: Human Embryonic Kidney; HeLa: Human Cervical Epithelial Carcinoma; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; IPS-1: IFN-β promoter stimulator 1; IRE-1: Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1; IRGM: Immunity Related GTPase Family M protein; LAMP2A: Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein 2A; LC3: Microtubule Associated Light Chain 3; MDA5: Melanoma Differentiation Associated gene 5; MEF: Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast; MMP: Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization; Nef: Negative Regulatory Factor; OASIS: Old Astrocyte Specifically Induced Substrate; PAMP: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern; PERK: Pancreatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase; PRR: Pattern Recognition Receptor; Puma: P53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis; RIG-I: Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene-I; Tat: Transactivator Protein of HIV; TLR: Toll-like receptor; ULK1: Unc51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1; UPR: Unfolded Protein Response; Vpr: Viral Protein Regulatory; XBP1: X-Box Binding Protein 1.

Keywords: Bcl2 family protein; Cell stress; caspase; virus infection host response.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review

MeSH terms

Animals
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
Apoptosis*
Arboviruses / genetics
Arboviruses / metabolism*
Autophagy*
HIV / genetics
HIV / metabolism*
Host Microbial Interactions*
Humans
Mice
Orthomyxoviridae / genetics
Orthomyxoviridae / metabolism*
Signal Transduction
Stress, Physiological
Unfolded Protein Response*

Substances

Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins

Grants and funding

SG was supported by a CHRIM operating grant, NIMAD operating grant and Research Manitoba New investigator award. KMC was supported by a CHRIM operating grant and by a CIHR operating grant. JA was supported by Canadian Lung Association PhD studentship and Research Manitoba PhD entrance scholarship.