Peripherally projecting neurons undergo significant morphological changes during development and regeneration. This neuroplasticity is controlled by growth factors, which bind specific membrane bound kinase receptors that in turn activate two major intracellular signal transduction cascades. Besides the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway, activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) plays a key role in regulating the mode and speed of peripheral axon outgrowth in the adult stage. Cell culture studies and animal models revealed that ERK signaling is mainly involved in elongative axon growth in vitro and long-distance nerve regeneration in vivo. Here, we review ERK dependent morphological plasticity in adult peripheral neurons and evaluate the therapeutic potential of interfering with regulators of ERK signaling to promote nerve regeneration. Anat Rec, 302:1261-1267, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keywords: RTK; Sprouty; axon; growth factor; neuronal survival.
© 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.