Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) imaging has become an essential component of many open and interventional cardiac procedures and has increasing use in monitoring for noncardiac procedures, partly because of an aging population. Whether expected or not, encountering difficulty when inserting the TEE probe presents the anesthesiologist with a conundrum. Repeated insertion attempts increase the risk of a serious complication; however, proceeding without TEE may be unacceptable to the proceduralist or surgeon. The aim of this review is to present the spectrum of complications possible with TEE, propose several evidence-based insertion tips, examine potential alternative cardiac imaging options, and finally, propose a roadmap for providers who encounter difficulty when placing a TEE probe.
Keywords: complications; epiaortic echocardiography; epicardial echocardiography; intracardiac echocardiography; intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography; transesophageal echocardiography; transthoracic echocardiography.