1 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA, New York City, New York, USA.
2 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
3 Institute for Healthcare Delivery Science Departments of Population Health Science & Policy/Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.
4 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA.
5 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA, New York City, New York, USA memtsoudiss@hss.edu.