DANPY (dimethylaminonaphthylpyridinium): an economical and biocompatible fluorophore

Org Biomol Chem. 2019 Apr 10;17(15):3765-3780. doi: 10.1039/c8ob02536c.

Abstract

Dyes with nonlinear optical (NLO) properties enable new imaging techniques and photonic systems. We have developed a dye (DANPY-1) for photonics applications in biological substrates such as nucleic acids; however, the design specification also enables it to be used for visualizing biomolecules. It is a prototype dye demonstrating a water-soluble, NLO-active fluorophore with high photostability, a large Stokes shift, and a favorable toxicity profile. A practical and scalable synthetic route to DANPY salts has been optimized featuring: (1) convergent Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling with pyridine 4-boronic acid, (2) site-selective pyridyl N-methylation, and (3) direct recovery of crystalline intermediates without chromatography. We characterize the optical properties, biocompatibility, and biological staining behavior of DANPY-1. In addition to stability and solubility across a range of polar media, the DANPY-1 chromophore shows a first hyperpolarizability similar to common NLO dyes such as Disperse Red 1 and DAST, a large two-photon absorption cross section for its size, substantial affinity to nucleic acids in vitro, an ability to stain a variety of cellular components, and strong sensitivity of its fluorescence properties to its dielectric environment.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Biocompatible Materials / chemical synthesis
  • Biocompatible Materials / chemistry*
  • Biocompatible Materials / pharmacology
  • Cell Death / drug effects
  • Fluorescent Dyes / chemical synthesis
  • Fluorescent Dyes / chemistry*
  • Fluorescent Dyes / pharmacology
  • HeLa Cells
  • Humans
  • Molecular Structure
  • Naphthalenes / chemical synthesis
  • Naphthalenes / chemistry*
  • Naphthalenes / pharmacology
  • Photosensitizing Agents / chemical synthesis
  • Photosensitizing Agents / chemistry*
  • Photosensitizing Agents / pharmacology
  • Pyridines / chemical synthesis
  • Pyridines / chemistry*
  • Pyridines / pharmacology

Substances

  • Biocompatible Materials
  • Fluorescent Dyes
  • Naphthalenes
  • Photosensitizing Agents
  • Pyridines