Background: A long-acting prodrug of nalbuphine, nalbuphine sebacate, has been developed for meeting the unmet medical need of long-acting analgesics. Naldebain® (nalbuphine sebacate) has been developed as a new premedication for postoperative pain management. The primary objective of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of a single dose of intramuscular Naldebain® in patients scheduled to undergo elective laparotomy.
Methods/design: A total of 110 patients will be recruited and randomized into two treatment groups. Group 1 receives a single dose of Naldebain® intramuscularly 24 ± 12 h prior to surgery. Group 2 receives intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with fentanyl through 48 h postsurgery. Both groups will have follow-up observations until the final visit (day of discharge, day 6-30). The primary efficacy endpoint is to assess time-specific pain intensity calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) of a visual analog scale at individual time points and by using total AUC. Safety endpoints-including incidence of treatment, emergent adverse events, and percentage of abnormality from baseline to final visit-in vital signs, laboratory tests, and injection site evaluations will also be analyzed. Statistical analyses will be performed on the data to compare the two groups.
Discussion: Post-laparotomy pain can have a harmful effect on patient recovery; therefore, a slow-release formulation that can cover at least 7 days of analgesic effect is required. This study will demonstrate whether a single use of Naldebain® is not less efficacious than PCA with fentanyl for pain management as a non-inferior trial.
Trial registration: NCT03296488 .
Keywords: Efficacy and safety; Fentanyl; Naldebain®; Patient-controlled analgesia; Post-laparotomy.