Background: Nanophase surface properties of titanium alloys must be obtained for a suitable biological performance, particularly to facilitate cell adhesion and bone tissue formation. Obtaining a bulk nanostructured material using severe plastic deformation is an ideal processing route to improve the mechanical performance of titanium alloys. By decreasing the grain size of a metallic material, a superior strength improvement can be obtained, while surface modification of a nanostructured surface can produce an attractive topography able to induce biological responses in osteoblastic cells.
Methods: Aiming to achieve such an excellent synergetic performance, a processing route, which included equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), hot and cold extrusion, and heat treatments, was used to produce a nanometric and ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure in the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy (around of 200 nm). Additionally, UFG samples were surface-modified with acid etching (UFG-A) to produce a uniform micron and submicron porosity on the surface. Subsequently, alkaline treatment (UFG-AA) produced a sponge-like nanotopographic substrate able to modulate cellular interactions.
Results: After several kinds of biological tests for both treatment conditions (UFG-A and UFG-AA), the main results have shown that there was no cytotoxicity, expressed alkaline phosphatase activity and total protein amounts without statistical differences compared to control. However, the UFG-AA samples presented an attractive effect on the cell membranes, and cell adhesions were preferentially induced as compared with UFG-A. Both conditions demonstrated cell projections, but for UFG-AA, cells were more widely dispersed, and more quantities of filopodia formation could be observed.
Conclusion: Herein, the reasons for such behaviors are discussed, and further results are presented in addition to those mentioned above.
Keywords: ECAP; SPD; UFG Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy; biological response; implants; surface treatment.