Xylose rich heteroglycan from flaxseed gum mediates the immunostimulatory effects on macrophages via TLR2 activation

Jun Liu; Chenxuan Wu; Xiuting Li; Qiaojuan Yan; Martin J T Reaney; Zhengqiang Jiang

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.080

Xylose rich heteroglycan from flaxseed gum mediates the immunostimulatory effects on macrophages via TLR2 activation

Carbohydr Polym. 2019 Jun 1:213:59-69. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.080. Epub 2019 Feb 23.

Authors

Jun Liu¹, Chenxuan Wu², Xiuting Li³, Qiaojuan Yan⁴, Martin J T Reaney⁵, Zhengqiang Jiang⁶

Affiliations

¹ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
² Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
³ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
⁴ Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
⁵ Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
⁶ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China. Electronic address: zhqjiang@cau.edu.cn.

PMID: 30879690
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.080

Abstract

Immunostimulatory activity of the flaxseed gum neutral fraction (NFG) was investigated. NFG was characterized as a xylose rich heteroglycan through monosaccharide composition analysis, FT-IR, methylation/GC-MS, and 1D/2D-NMR. NFG stimulated NO production and phagocytic activity of macrophages. Secretion of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (254.7 pg/mL, 2.5 ng/mL, and 42.9 pg/mL, respectively) was significantly induced by NFG. Mitogen-activated protein kinases of JNK and P38 were activated by NFG with increased phosphorylation of JNK and P38, while NO production was reduced to 6.05 and 4.42 μM by JNK and P38 inhibitor, respectively. Nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway was also activated by NFG with the suppression of IκBα and up-regulation of phosphorylation of IκBα and nuclear factor-κB P65. Toll like receptor-2 was the molecular target of NFG and responsible for the activation of down-stream signaling pathways. Thus, NFG from flaxseed gum may potentially be used as a natural immunomodulator in functional foods.

Keywords: Flaxseed gum; Immunostimulatory effects; Toll-like receptor-2; Xylose rich heteroglycan.

MeSH terms

Adjuvants, Immunologic / chemistry
Adjuvants, Immunologic / isolation & purification
Adjuvants, Immunologic / pharmacology*
Animals
Cell Survival / drug effects
Cells, Cultured
Cytokines / antagonists & inhibitors
Cytokines / biosynthesis
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Flax / chemistry*
Macrophages / drug effects*
Mice
Polysaccharides / chemistry
Polysaccharides / isolation & purification
Polysaccharides / pharmacology*
RAW 264.7 Cells
Structure-Activity Relationship
Toll-Like Receptor 2 / antagonists & inhibitors*
Toll-Like Receptor 2 / metabolism
Xylose / chemistry
Xylose / isolation & purification
Xylose / pharmacology*

Substances

Adjuvants, Immunologic
Cytokines
Polysaccharides
Tlr2 protein, mouse
Toll-Like Receptor 2
Xylose