Sex Specific Changes in Tryptophan Breakdown Over a 6 Week Treatment Period

Eva Z Reininghaus; Nina Dalkner; Karin Riedrich; Dietmar Fuchs; Johanna M Gostner; Bernd Reininghaus

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00074

Sex Specific Changes in Tryptophan Breakdown Over a 6 Week Treatment Period

Front Psychiatry. 2019 Feb 21:10:74. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00074. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Eva Z Reininghaus¹, Nina Dalkner¹, Karin Riedrich^{1

2}, Dietmar Fuchs^{3

4}, Johanna M Gostner^{3

4}, Bernd Reininghaus^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
² TZ-Justus Park Bad Hall, Bad Hall, Austria.
³ Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
⁴ Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

Abstract

Introduction: Despite the knowledge of sex differences concerning neurobiological parameters as well as clinical course of illness in individuals with mood disorders, the literature concerning tryptophan (Trp) breakdown, specific for women and men, is sparse to date. The current study aimed to evaluate sex differences in Trp, kynurenine (Kyn) and Kyn/Trp concentrations in general, as well as differences in changes of those concentrations over the course of a 6-week rehabilitation program in individuals with life-time unipolar affective disorder. For this purpose changes in Trp and Kyn as well as the Kyn/Trp concentrations between the time of admission (t1) and discharge (t2) were analyzed in dependence of sex. Furthermore, correlations between Trp and Kyn levels and clinical parameters were performed separately for male and female participants. Material and Methods: Results: For the current analysis 426 individuals with lifetime affective disorder completing a 6-week rehabilitation program were included. In both sexes, psychiatric symptoms decreased significantly over time. There was a significant difference between women (n = 242) and men (n = 184) regarding the changes in Trp, Kyn, and Kyn/Trp over time even if controlled for relevant covariates [multivariate: F _{(3, 380)} = 2.663, η² = 0.021, p = 0.048]. Kyn as well as Kyn/Trp concentrations increased significantly in men over time (Kyn F = 4.809, η² = 0.012, p = 0.029; Kyn/Trp F = 7.923, η² = 0.020, p = 0.005). Results remained the same when controlled for psychiatric symptoms. Discussion: The main finding of the present study is the significant difference between women and men regarding the change in Trp, Kyn, and Kyn/Trp over a 6-week psychiatric treatment period, while the depression severity scores as well as general psychiatric symptoms decreased. Sex specific changes in Trp-Kyn pathways have only been explored to a very small extent to date in the literature but are of high clinical relevance in the context of personalized medicine.

Keywords: body mass index; kynurenine; sex; sex differences; tryptophan.