Abstract
The aim was to characterize a phenolic-rich water extract from the pericarp of an improved genotype of Apache red maize (RPE) and evaluate its ability to activate the type 2 diabetes markers free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40) and glucokinase (GK) in vitro. The extract contained mainly phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and other flavonoids. RPE inhibited α-amylase (IC50 = 88.3 μg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 169.3 μg/mL), and reduced glucose transport in a Caco-2 cell monolayer (up to 25%). Furthermore, RPE activated GPR40 (EC50 = 77.7 μg/mL) in pancreatic INS-1E cells and GK (EC50 = 43.4 μg/mL) in liver HepG2 cells, potentially through allosteric modulation. RPE activated GPR40-related insulin secretory pathway and activated the glucose metabolism regulator AMPK (up to 78%). Our results support the hypothesis that foods with a high concentration of anthocyanins and phenolic acids, such as in the selected variety of maize used, could ameliorate obesity and type 2 diabetes comorbidities.
Keywords:
anthocyanins; colored maize; free fatty acid receptor 1; type 2 diabetes.
MeSH terms
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Anthocyanins / chemistry
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Anthocyanins / isolation & purification
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Anthocyanins / pharmacology*
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Biological Transport / drug effects
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Caco-2 Cells
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / genetics
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / metabolism*
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Epithelial Cells / drug effects
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Epithelial Cells / metabolism
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Flavonoids / chemistry
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Flavonoids / isolation & purification
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Flavonoids / pharmacology*
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Glucokinase / antagonists & inhibitors*
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Glucokinase / metabolism
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Glucose / metabolism
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Hep G2 Cells
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Hepatocytes / drug effects
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Hepatocytes / metabolism
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Humans
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Hydroxybenzoates / chemistry
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Hydroxybenzoates / isolation & purification
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Hydroxybenzoates / pharmacology*
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Insulin / metabolism
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Insulin-Secreting Cells / drug effects
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Insulin-Secreting Cells / metabolism
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Liver / cytology
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Liver / drug effects
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Liver / metabolism
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Molecular Docking Simulation
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Pancreas / cytology
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Pancreas / drug effects
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Pancreas / metabolism
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Plant Extracts / chemistry
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Plant Extracts / isolation & purification
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Plant Extracts / pharmacology*
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Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / genetics
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Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / metabolism*
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Zea mays / chemistry*
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Zea mays / genetics
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alpha-Amylases / antagonists & inhibitors
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alpha-Amylases / metabolism
Substances
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Anthocyanins
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FFAR1 protein, human
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Flavonoids
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Hydroxybenzoates
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Insulin
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Plant Extracts
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Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
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Glucokinase
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alpha-Amylases
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phenolic acid
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Glucose