Introduction: Although various phrases to communicate prognoses based on a certain concept have been proposed, no study has systematically investigated preferences of patients with cancer for actual phrases. We investigated whether phrases with a wider range and additional "hope for the best, and prepare for the worst" (hope/prepare) statement would be more preferable and explored variables associated with patients' preferences.
Materials and methods: In a cross-sectional survey, 412 outpatients with cancer self-assessed their preferences for 13 phrases conveying prognostic information (e.g., phrases with or without median, typical range, and/or best/worst cases, and those with or without a hope/prepare statement) on a 6-point scale (1 = not at all preferable; 6 = very preferable). We evaluated demographic data and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations and conducted multivariate regression analysis.
Results: Regarding phrases with various ranges, the one including the median, typical range, and best/worst cases was more preferable (mean ± SD, 3.8 ± 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6-3.9) than the one with the median and typical range (3.4 ± 1.2; 3.3-3.6) or the one with only the median (3.2 ± 1.3; 3.1-3.3). Concerning the hope/prepare statement, the phrase including the median, typical range, uncertainty, and hope/prepare statement was more preferable (3.8 ± 1.4; 3.7-3.9) than the one without the statement (3.5 ± 1.2; 3.4-3.6). In multivariate analyses, task-oriented coping was significantly correlated with preferences for phrases with explicit information.
Conclusion: Overall, phrases with a wider range and the hope/prepare statement were preferable to those without them. When patients with cancer ask about prognoses, especially those with task-oriented coping, clinicians may provide explicit information with a wider range and the hope/prepare statement.
Implications for practice: Discussing prognoses with patients with advanced cancer is among the most important conversations for clinicians. In this cross-sectional survey to systematically investigate preferences of 412 patients with cancer for phrases conveying prognostic information, phrases with the median, typical range, and best/worst cases and those with the "hope for the best and prepare for the worst" (hope/prepare) statement were the most preferred. When patients with cancer ask about prognoses, clinicians may provide explicit information with a wider range and include the hope/prepare statement.
Keywords: Cancer; Explicitness; Preferences; Prognosis; Range.
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