Neighborhood Food Environment and Dementia Incidence: the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study Cohort Survey

Abstract

Introduction: Interventions targeting built environmental factors may encourage older people to engage in favorable behaviors and decrease dementia risk, but epidemiologic evidence is limited. This study investigated the association between neighborhood food environment and dementia incidence.

Methods: A 3-year follow-up (2010-2013) was conducted among participants in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, a population-based cohort study of older adults aged ≥65 years. Dementia incidence for 49,511 participants was assessed through the public long-term care insurance system. Availability of food stores (defined as the number of food stores selling fruits and vegetables within 500 meters or 1 kilometer of residence) was assessed for each participant using objective (GIS-based) and subjective (participant-reported) measurements. Data were analyzed from 2017 to 2018.

Results: A total of 3,162 cases of dementia occurred during the follow-up. Compared with the highest quartile for objective availability of food stores, the hazard ratio adjusting for age and sex was 1.60 (95% CI=1.43, 1.78) for the second-lowest quartile. Compared with the highest subjective availability of food stores, the hazard ratio was 1.74 (95% CI=1.49, 2.04) for the lowest category. After successive adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and other geographic neighborhood factors (availability of restaurants, convenience stores, and community centers), the hazard ratio remained statistically significant.

Conclusions: Lower food store availability was associated with increased dementia incidence. Given that food shopping is a routine activity and a main motive for going out among older adults, increasing the availability of food stores may contribute to dementia prevention.