Individuals with Turner syndrome (TS) have a higher morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease are the major contributors to this burden. Precursors to diabetes and cardiovascular disease make up what is known as metabolic syndrome, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and elevated fasting glucose. These features of poor cardiometabolic health are also prevalent among women with TS. Youth with TS also exhibit many of these features, indicating that the pathogenesis of these cardiometabolic conditions may begin early in life. The etiology of the increased risk of cardiometabolic conditions in TS is likely multifactorial, involving genetics, epigenetics, hypogonadism, medical comorbidities, medications, and lifestyle. Counseling for the increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases as well as efforts to prevent or lower this risk should be routinely provided in the care of all patients with TS. Clinical practice guidelines are now available to guide screening and treatment of cardiometabolic conditions in girls and women with TS.
Keywords: Turner syndrome; diabetes; epigenetics; metabolic syndrome; sex chromosome aneuploidy.
© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.