Gout is distinguished by an inflammatory process that is mediated by phagocytosis of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in synoviocytes by regulation of unknown mechanisms. Here we suggest that the synovial cells play a crucial role in gouty arthritis by activating inflammation by MSU uptake and increasing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1, and the growth factors NGF and HGF. We discuss some co-existing features in synoviocytes, including anomalous morphologies of the cells, and microvesicle formation, dysregulation in VEGF gene expression. We provide evidence that phagocytosis of MSU crystals triggers an inflammatory cellular state in synoviocytes in the pathogenesis of crystal-induced arthritis.
Keywords: gene; Cytokines; HIF-1α signaling pathway; gout; synoviocytes.