We experimentally demonstrate a fiber-based phase tracking system through an adaptive homodyne detection technique. In the experiment, we use a random phase signal as an example. The system works well when the random phase varies between -2.4 and + 2.4 radians. Such tracking range is much larger than previous work due to the improved performance of phase-locked loop. The minimum mean square error reaches theoretical value at a photon flux of ~106, which proves a quantum-limited fiber phase tracking. Such system has potential applications in high-precision real-time fiber sensing of temperature, strain, and so on.