In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), ascites may develop owing to several causes, including sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, infections, malignancies, and malnutrition. However, it is often difficult to determine its precise cause. Here, a 59-year-old male developed chylous ascites three months post allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. None of the attempted treatments resulted in improvement. Lymphangioscintigraphy revealed a lymphatic flow disorder at the level of the cisterna chyli. Autopsy revealed no leukemic cell infiltration or graft-versus-host disease of the liver or pancreas. The pancreatic specimen revealed parenchymal fibrosis and infiltration of plasma cells, suggesting chronic inflammation in addition to pathological changes caused by acute pancreatitis. These findings indicate that acute or chronic pancreatitis caused a lymphatic flow disorder that developed into refractory ascites. Although we could not diagnose pancreatitis while the patient was alive, it is important to recognize that asymptomatic pancreatitis can develop after HSCT. Furthermore, one should attempt to make an accurate diagnosis as early as possible.
Keywords: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Lymphatic flow disorder; Pancreatitis; Refractory ascites.