Inflammation is a prominent feature of the neuropathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Emerging evidence suggests that inflammatory cascades contributing to the disease progression are not restricted to the central nervous system (CNS) but also occur peripherally. Indeed, alterations in T cell responses and their secreted cytokines have been detected in ALS patients and in animal models of ALS. One key cytokine responsible for the shift in T cell responses is interleukin-33 (IL-33), which stimulates innate type 2 immune cells to produce a large amount of Th2 cytokines that are possibly beneficial in the recovery processes of CNS injuries. Since the levels of IL-33 have been shown to be decreased in patients affected with ALS, we sought to determine whether a long-term recombinant IL-33 treatment of a transgenic mouse model of ALS expressing G93A-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1-G93A) alters the disease progression and ameliorates the ALS-like disease pathology. SOD1-G93A mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of IL-33 and effects on disease onset and inflammatory status were determined. Spinal cord (SC) neurons, astrocytes and T-cells were exposed to IL-33 to evaluate the cell specific responses to IL-33. Treatment of SOD1-G93A mice with IL-33 delayed the disease onset in female mice, decreased the proportion of CD4+ and CD8 + T cell populations in the spleen and lymph nodes, and alleviated astrocytic activation in the ventral horn of the lumbar SC. Male SOD1-G93A mice were unresponsive to the treatment. In vitro studies showed that IL-33 is most likely not acting directly on neurons and astrocytes, but rather conveying its effects through peripheral T-cells. Our results suggest that strategies directed to the peripheral immune system may have therapeutic potential in ALS. The effect of gender dimorphisms to the treatment efficacy needs to be taken into consideration when designing new therapeutic strategies for CNS diseases.
Keywords: ALS; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ANOVA, analysis of variance; Arg-1, arginine-1; Astrocyte; CM, conditioned medium; CNS, central nervous system; Cytokine; DMEM, Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; HO-1, hemeoxygenase-1; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-1RAcP, interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein; IL-33, interleukin-33; IL-33R, interleukin-33 receptor; IL-6, interleukin-6; Iba-1, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1; Inflammation; Interleukin-33; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Microglia; NFE2L2, the gene encoding Nrf2; Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; RT, room temperature; SC, spinal cord; SD, standard deviation; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; Spinal cord; T cell; TG, transgenic; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; WT, wildtype; fALS, familial ALS; sALS, sporadic ALS.