Aims: To investigate the critical role of Tim-3 in the polarization of microglia in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury (SBI).
Methods: An in vivo ICH model was established by autologous whole blood injection into the right basal ganglia in rats. The primary cultured microglia were treated with oxygen-hemoglobin (OxyHb) to mimic ICH in vitro. In this experiment, specific siRNA for Tim-3 and recombinant human TIM-3 were exploited both in vivo and in vitro.
Results: Tim-3 was increased in the brain after ICH, which mainly distributed in microglia, but not neurons and astrocytes. However, the blockade of Tim-3 by siRNA markedly reduced secretion of inflammatory factors, neuronal degeneration, neuronal cell death, and brain edema. Meanwhile, downregulation of Tim-3 promoted the transformation of microglia phenotype from M1 to M2 after ICH. Furthermore, upregulation of Tim-3 can increase the interaction between Tim-3 and Galectin-9 (Gal-9) and activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) pathway after ICH. Increasing the expression of Tim-3 may be related to the activation of HIF-1α.
Conclusion: Tim-3 may be an important link between neuroinflammation and microglia polarization through Tim-3/Gal-9 and TLR-4 signaling pathways which induced SBI after ICH.
Keywords: HIF-1α; Tim-3; inflammation; intracerebral hemorrhage; microglia.
© 2019 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.