Complex Phase Behavior of GUVs Containing Different Sphingomyelins

Abstract

Understanding the lateral organization of biological membranes plays a key role on the road to fully appreciate the physiological functions of this fundamental barrier between the inside and outside regions of a cell. Ternary lipid bilayers composed of a high and a low melting temperature lipid and cholesterol represent a model system that mimics some of the important thermodynamical features of much more complex lipid mixtures such as those found in mammal membranes. The phase diagram of these ternary mixtures can be studied exploiting fluorescence microscopy in giant unilamellar vesicles, and it is typically expected to give rise, for specific combinations of composition and temperature, to regions of two-phase coexistence and a region with three-phase coexistence, namely, the liquid-ordered, liquid-disordered, and solid phases. Whereas the observation of two-phase coexistence is routinely possible using fluorescence microscopy, the three-phase region is more elusive to study. In this article, we show that particular lipid mixtures containing diphytanoyl-phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol plus different types of sphingomyelin (SM) are prone to produce bilayer regions with more than two levels of fluorescence intensity. We found that these intensity levels occur at low temperature and are linked to the copresence of long and asymmetric chains in SMs and diphytanoyl-phosphatidylcholine in the lipid mixtures. We discuss the possible interpretations for this observation in terms of bilayer phase organization in the presence of sphingolipids. Additionally, we also show that in some cases, liposomes in the three-phase coexistence state exhibit extreme sensitivity to lateral tension. We hypothesize that the appearance of the different phases is related to the asymmetric structure of SMs and to interdigitation effects.