Water splitting for hydrogen production by harvesting sunlight is widely accepted as one of the most promising routes to relieve the energy crisis and environmental issues caused by excessive use of fossil fuels. Earth-abundant silicon (Si) is emerging as a suitable candidate for a photoelectrode material for efficient solar water splitting. This review describes the current status and prospects of single-crystal Si-based photoelectrodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen production. We start with highlighting the recent achievements in single-crystal Si-based photocathodes and photoanodes for PEC water reduction and oxidation. We then discuss the recent progress in the design and fabrication of unbiased solar water splitting cells with single-crystal Si-based photoelectrodes. Finally, we provide an overview from the optimization of a single-crystal Si-based electrode (both a photocathode and a photoanode) to the integration of a full cell for unassisted overall solar water splitting.