The increasing of number of diseases of thyroid actualizes searching for new solutions in differential diagnostic. Nowadays, the technique of fluid cytology is started to be applied under cytological analysis of puncture sample of thyroid. However, experience of application of technique of fluid cytology in interpretation of cytological sample is limited. The article presents results of analysis of samples of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid from 126 patients. In case of traditional cytological analysis aspirate was putted on glass right away. In case of technique of fluid cytology patient was re-punctured and sample was placed into vial with preservative solution. At re-puncture increasing number of analysis with non-diagnosed samples was observed (40.6% in comparison with 17.8% under traditional cytological analysis). However, in 50% of patients with non-informative samples in traditional cytological analysis implementation of technique of fluid cytology permitted to establish proper diagnosis. In diagnostic of non-tumor affections of thyroid the best results demonstrated by technique of fluid cytology (86.6% as compared with 47.2% under technique of fluid cytology). However, in diagnostic of benign tumor affections of thyroid the best accuracy was demonstrated by traditional cytological analysis (61.1% as compared with 33.3% of technique of fluid cytology). Both techniques demonstrated similar results in category of malignant affections of thyroid. The diagnosis of cancer or suspicion to cancer was established in 85.7% of cases under technique of fluid cytology and in 82.7% of cases under traditional cytological analysis). The analysis of cytological pictures of various diseases of thyroid in technique of fluid cytology demonstrated specifics and differences from traditional cytology that are to be considered. At the same time, observations convincingly testify that in number of cases traditional and fluid techniques supplement each other. Besides, technique of fluid cytology permits preserving and transport puncture samples and in case of necessity to apply additional clarifying diagnostic techniques that in turn increases effectiveness of cytological diagnostic of affections of thyroid.