What Are the Radical Intermediates in Oxidative N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis?

J Am Chem Soc. 2019 Jan 16;141(2):1109-1117. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b11824. Epub 2018 Dec 31.

Abstract

The oxidation of the Breslow intermediate resulting from the addition of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to benzaldehyde triggers a fast deprotonation, followed by a second electron transfer, directly affording the corresponding acylium at E > -0.8 V (versus Fc/Fc+). Similarly, the oxidation of the cinnamaldehyde analogue occurs at an even higher potential and is not a reversible electrochemical process. As a whole, and contrary to previous beliefs, it is demonstrated that Breslow intermediates, which are the key intermediates in NHC-catalyzed transformations of aldehydes, cannot undergo a single electron transfer (SET) with mild oxidants ( E < -1.0 V). Moreover, the corresponding enol radical cations are ruled out as relevant intermediates. It is proposed that oxidative NHC-catalyzed radical transformations of enals proceed either through SET from the corresponding electron-rich enolate or through coupled electron-proton transfer from the enol, in any case generating neutral capto-dative radicals. Relevant electrochemical surrogates of these paramagnetic species have been isolated.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.