High and ultra-high definition of infrared spectral histopathology gives an insight into chemical environment of lung metastases in breast cancer

Abstract

Using high definition (HD) and ultra-high definition (UHD) of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging, we characterized spectrally pulmonary metastases in a murine model of breast cancer comparing them with histopathological results (Hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] staining). This comparison showed excellent agreement between the methods in case of localization of metastases with size below 1 mm and revealed that label-free HD and UHD IR spectral histopathology distinguish the type of neoplastic cells. We primary focused on differentiation between metastatic foci in the pleural cavity from cancer cells present in lung parenchyma and inflamed cells present in extracellular matrix of lungs due to growing of advanced metastases. In addition, a combination of unsupervised clustering and IR imaging indicated the high sensitivity of FTIR spectroscopy to identify chemical features of small macrometastases located under the pleural cavity and during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. FTIR-based spectral histopathology was proved to detect not only phases of breast cancer metastasis to lungs but also to differentiate various origins of metastases seeded from breast cancer.

Keywords: breast cancer; high and ultra-high definition of FTIR imaging; pulmonary metastases; spectral histopathology; unsupervised clustering.