1 Department of Biomedical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. akirasan-tky@umin.ac.jp.
2 Division of Medical Ethics, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. akirasan-tky@umin.ac.jp.
3 Department of Biomedical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
4 Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195-7120, USA.
5 African Centre for Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.