Passive, continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide geostorage using muon tomography

Jon Gluyas; Lee Thompson; Dave Allen; Charlotte Benton; Paula Chadwick; Sam Clark; Joel Klinger; Vitaly Kudryavtsev; Darren Lincoln; Ben Maunder; Cathryn Mitchell; Sam Nolan; Sean Paling; Neil Spooner; Lazar Staykov; Sam Telfer; David Woodward; Max Coleman

doi:10.1098/rsta.2018.0059

Passive, continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide geostorage using muon tomography

Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2018 Dec 10;377(2137):20180059. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0059.

Authors

Jon Gluyas¹, Lee Thompson², Dave Allen³, Charlotte Benton⁴, Paula Chadwick³, Sam Clark^{5

6}, Joel Klinger^{2

7}, Vitaly Kudryavtsev², Darren Lincoln^{2

8}, Ben Maunder^{5

9}, Cathryn Mitchell⁴, Sam Nolan³, Sean Paling¹⁰, Neil Spooner², Lazar Staykov⁵, Sam Telfer², David Woodward^{2

11}, Max Coleman¹²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK j.g.gluyas@durham.ac.uk.
² Department of Physics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK.
³ Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
⁴ Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
⁵ Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
⁶ STEM Team, University of Highlands and Islands, 1 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK.
⁷ Nesta, 58 Victoria Embankment, London EC4Y 0DS, UK.
⁸ Atkins, Chadwick House, Birchwood Park, Warrington WA3 6AE, UK.
⁹ Imperial College, London, UK.
¹⁰ Boulby Underground Laboratory, Boulby Mine, Loftus, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Cleveland, TS13 4UZ, UK.
¹¹ Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
¹² NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.

Abstract

Carbon capture and storage is a transition technology from a past and present fuelled by coal, oil and gas and a planned future dominated by renewable energy sources. The technology involves the capture of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel power stations and other point sources, compression of the CO₂ into a fluid, transporting it and injecting it deep beneath the Earth's surface into depleted petroleum reservoirs and other porous formations. Once injected, the CO₂ must be monitored to ensure that it is emplaced and assimilated as planned and that none leaks back to surface. A variety of methods have been deployed to monitor the CO₂ storage site and many such methods have been adapted from oilfield practice. However, such methods are commonly indirect, episodic, require active signal generation and remain expensive throughout the monitoring period that may last for hundreds of years. A modelling framework was developed to concurrently simulate CO₂ geostorage conditions and background cosmic-ray muon tomography, in which the potential was assessed for using variations in muon attenuation, due to changes in CO₂ abundance, as a means of CO₂ detection. From this, we developed a passive, continuous monitoring method for CO₂ storage sites using muon tomography, the tools for which can be deployed during the active drilling phase (development) of the storage site. To do this, it was necessary to develop a muon detector that could be used in the hostile environment (saline, high temperature) of the well bore. A prototype detector has been built and tested at the 1.1 km deep Boulby potash mine on the northeast coast of England, supported by the existing STFC Boulby Underground Laboratory on the site. The detector is now ready to be commercialized.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Cosmic-ray muography'.

Keywords: carbon capture and storage; carbon geostorage monitoring; muon tomography.