Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 14 percent of persons infected with HIV in the United States (US) are unaware of their infection and many of the estimated 50,000 new HIV infections each year are transmitted by people who do not know that they are HIV-positive. HIV testing is an important component of HIV prevention. This study examined predictors of self-reported HIV testing among persons 18 years and over in the US.
Methods: Data from the 2012 BRFSS were utilized. We used univariate analysis to calculate relative frequencies for gender, race or ethnicity, age, education, income, marital status, region of residence, and having engaged in HIV/AIDS risky behaviors to characterize the overall sample. We conducted bivariate analysis for an initial assessment of factors independently associated with HIV testing. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to obtain the Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CIs) for factors associated with getting tested for HIV. Analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.2.
Results: Of the 439,327 respondents, 30% had been tested for HIV. Of those who had been tested for HIV, 59% were female; 41% were two or more races and 47% were between 18-44 years of age. The majority (39%) of the respondents were college graduates. Over one-third (31%) of the participants who had been tested had annual household incomes which were less than $25,000. Half (50%) were married and 24% of the respondents were from the Western region of the US. Five percent of the respondents reported that they had engaged in HIV/AIDS risky behaviors. Factors associated with lower odds of getting tested included being Asian (AOR=0.56; 95% CI=0.41, 0.78); Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (AOR=0.42; 95% CI=0.18, 0.90); and having an income between $25,000 to $49,000 (AOR=0.82; 95% CI=0.78-0.87); $50,000 to $74,999 (AOR=0.86; 95% CI=0.79-0.93); or $75,000 or more (AOR=0.87; 95% CI=0.81-0.94). Also, respondents from the Midwest (AOR=0.78; 95% CI=0.73, 0.83) and the West (AOR=0.88; 95% CI=0.83, 0.93) were less likely to get tested for HIV. Our adjusted analyses also showed that being non-Hispanic Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, identifying as having two or more races, and being American Indian or Alaska Native increased the likelihood of getting tested for HIV. Having engaged in HIV/AIDS risky behaviors had significantly higher odds of being tested for HIV (AOR=2.45; 95% CI=2.19, 2.74).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the HIV/AIDS prevention education and training programs in the US that have focused on traditionally classified high-risk populations have been effective. Findings from this study uncover an interesting paradox, which suggests that populations with higher incomes have been overlooked in efforts to combat HIV/AIDS. Our results suggest that these populations are at greatest risk of not knowing their HIV status and are therefore most likely to unknowingly contribute to the number of new HIV infections. Future research on multiple interacting factors that affect HIV testing behaviors should be considered top priorities. This is of upmost importance because knowing one's HIV status allows those who are infected to seek and receive treatment and prevention services, which are designed to improve health and reduce the likelihood of further transmission.
Keywords: BRFSS; HIV status; HIV testing laws; Self-Reported HIV testing.