In the open, comparative, non-randomized and prospective study conducted from 2007 to 2014 there were included 83 patients who received combined treatment for thoracic esophageal cancer. For a comparative analysis there was used a retrospective control group of 51 patients with esophageal cancer who had undergone surgery alone from 1999 to 2014. Complex treatment of patients with advanced forms of thoracic esophageal cancer included argon-plasma recanalization of the lumen of the esophagus followed by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in two versions. One group of patients (29) received external beam radiotherapy, prescription dose of 40-45 Gy, the other group of patients (54) received intraluminal brachytherapy, 3 sessions of 7 Gy, prescription dose of 21 Gy. All patients synchronously with radiotherapy there were performed two cycles of polychemotherapy on PF scheme. A month after the neoadjuvant treatment there was carried out resection of the esophagus with simultaneous plastics by gastric stem. Complete local tumor regression was achieved in 34,7% of patients in group with intraluminal brachytherapy and 30% in the group with external beam radiotherapy. Long-term results could be traced in 90.8% of patients. Using chemoradiotherapy on preoperative stage we managed to increase disease-free and overall survival of patients with an increase of median of progression-free survival - 27 against 12 months and overall survival - 29 against 14 months in comparison with surgery alone.