Essential oils (EOs) from leaves and branches of Aniba parviflora (Meisn.) Mez were obtained by hydrodistillation and their chemical compositions determined by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids were the most representative compound class in both EOs (~ 40%). However, the leaf EO was rich in β-phellandrene (15.1%), linalool (14.1%), and y-eudesmol (12.9%). The EO from the branches showed high concentrations of γ-eudesmol (16.8%), β-caryophyllene (15.7%), linalool (12.4%), β-phellandrene (6.7%), and bicyclogermacrene (6.0%). The EOs were screened for radical-scavenging activity using the DPPH assay. In the DPPH assay, the EOs showed an antioxidant activity with TEAC values of 296.8 ± 20.2 and 357.3 ± 43.8 mg.TE.mL⁻¹, about one-third that of the Trolox standard. The EOs were subjected to antibacterial screening and displayed promising activity against Escherichia coli (MIC < 19.5 μg.mL⁻¹). In addition, the EOs were tested for cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast tumor cells and the leaf EO (IC₅₀ = 67.9 ± 3.0 μg.mL⁻¹.) was more active than that from the branches (IC₅₀ = 102.2 ± 3.0 μg.mL⁻¹).