Functional consequences of the CAPOS mutation E818K of Na+,K+-ATPase

Abstract

The cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS) syndrome is caused by the single mutation E818K of the α3-isoform of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase. Here, using biochemical and electrophysiological approaches, we examined the functional characteristics of E818K, as well as of E818Q and E818A mutants. We found that these amino acid substitutions reduce the apparent Na⁺ affinity at the cytoplasmic-facing sites of the pump protein and that this effect is more pronounced for the lysine and glutamine substitutions (3-4-fold) than for the alanine substitution. The electrophysiological measurements indicated a more conspicuous, ∼30-fold reduction of apparent Na⁺ affinity for the extracellular-facing sites in the CAPOS mutant, which was related to an accelerated transition between the phosphoenzyme intermediates E₁P and E₂P. The apparent affinity for K⁺ activation of the ATPase activity was unaffected by these substitutions, suggesting that primarily the Na⁺-specific site III is affected. Furthermore, the apparent affinities for ATP and vanadate were WT-like in E818K, indicating a normal E₁-E₂ equilibrium of the dephosphoenzyme. Proton-leak currents were not increased in E818K. However, the CAPOS mutation caused a weaker voltage dependence of the pumping rate and a stronger inhibition by cytoplasmic K⁺ than the WT enzyme, which together with the reduced Na⁺ affinity of the cytoplasmic-facing sites precluded proper pump activation under physiological conditions. The functional deficiencies could be traced to the participation of Glu-818 in an intricate hydrogen-bonding/salt-bridge network, connecting it to key residues involved in Na⁺ interaction at site III.

Keywords: ATP1A3; Na+ site; Na+,K+-pump; Na+/K+-ATPase; P-type ATPase; electrophysiology; enzyme mechanism; membrane enzyme; membrane transport; mutant; neurological disease; potassium transport; site-directed mutagenesis; sodium transport.