H4octox: Versatile Bimodal Octadentate Acyclic Chelating Ligand for Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry

Abstract

H₄octox, a versatile new octadentate acyclic chelating ligand, has been investigated as an alternative to the acyclic DTPA and the macrocyclic DOTA for trivalent metal ions useful in diagnostic medical imaging or therapeutic applications (Y³⁺, In³⁺, La³⁺, Gd³⁺, Lu³⁺). The synthesis of H₄octox is straightforward in less steps and thus more economical than those of most previously reported chelators. Complex formation equilibria in the presence of Y³⁺, In³⁺, La³⁺, Gd³⁺, and Lu³⁺ revealed fast chelation and high metal-sequestering capacity. Quantitative labeling with ¹¹¹In³⁺ was achieved within 15 min at room temperature at ligand concentrations as low as 10^-7 M, exactly the properties required for the development of kit-based radiopharmaceuticals. In vitro serum stability studies and in vivo SPECT imaging confirmed excellent complex stability of [¹¹¹In(octox)]^-. Moreover, it is more lipophilic than most of the multidentate carboxylate- or picolinate-based chelators; it therefore shows more liver clearance and provides a complementary choice in the design of metal-based pharmaceuticals and in the tuning of their pharmacokinetic properties. Finally, H₄octox showed a large fluorescence enhancement upon complexation with different metals, in particular, with Y³⁺ and Lu³⁺, which could be useful for non-radioactive fluorescent stability and cell studies as well as bimodal imaging. Excellent in vitro stability of [Y(octox)]^- against transferrin and Fe³⁺ was confirmed employing this fluorescence.