Exon Junction Complex Shapes the Transcriptome by Repressing Recursive Splicing

Abstract

Recursive splicing (RS) starts by defining an "RS-exon," which is then spliced to the preceding exon, thus creating a recursive 5' splice site (RS-5ss). Previous studies focused on cryptic RS-exons, and now we find that the exon junction complex (EJC) represses RS of hundreds of annotated, mainly constitutive RS-exons. The core EJC factors, and the peripheral factors PNN and RNPS1, maintain RS-exon inclusion by repressing spliceosomal assembly on RS-5ss. The EJC also blocks 5ss located near exon-exon junctions, thus repressing inclusion of cryptic microexons. The prevalence of annotated RS-exons is high in deuterostomes, while the cryptic RS-exons are more prevalent in Drosophila, where EJC appears less capable of repressing RS. Notably, incomplete repression of RS also contributes to physiological alternative splicing of several human RS-exons. Finally, haploinsufficiency of the EJC factor Magoh in mice is associated with skipping of RS-exons in the brain, with relevance to the microcephaly phenotype and human diseases.

Keywords: RS exon; alternative splicing mechanisms; evolution; exon junction complex; gene expression; microcephaly; microexon; neurodevelopmental disorders; recursive splicing.