Five Malaria mosquito species anopheles atroparvus, An.claviger, An.hyrcanus, An.maculipennis, and An.messeae were found in the study habitats in the south of European Rausia. The dominahce indices and environmental preferendes of co- inhabiting species were deterinined. The major potential malaria vectors in the south of European Russia were An messeae (in the valleys) and An.maculipennis (in the highlands and foothills). There was new evidence for chromosoml variability in the malaria mosquitoes An. atroparvus and An.maculipennis. The new inversion 3Roi (23B-27C) was identified in An.maculipennis.