Data sourcesThe databases searched were the Cochrane Library, PubMed/Medline, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus and SIGLE OpenGrey. Databases were searched with no restriction on year of publication or language.Study selectionRandomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs), prospective and retrospective studies, case-control studies and case series studies in humans were included. The test group received implants with the local delivery of bisphosphonates, controls received implants only. Studies involving patients with metabolic bone diseases or undergoing systemic medications for bone bio-modulation or immunosuppression or with relevant pathologies were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisThree authors independently selected studies with disagreements being resolved by discussion. Study quality was assessed by two reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS).ResultsThree articles published between 2010 and 2013 met the selection criteria. Sample size ranged from five to 39. Mean age was 52.6 to 66. Efficacy was assessed using radiographic analysis, implant stability quotient (ISQ) and histological assessment. Despite methodological differences, all articles reported positive results for osseointegration when a local bisphosphonate was used, either on the implant surface or direct application of a pharmacologically active compound at the surgical site or in the form of a gel directly at the surgical site. Greater implant stability, better implant survival rates and reduced peri-implant bone loss were recorded in the test groups compared with controls. As well as formation of lamellar bone trabeculae in intimate contact with the implants.ConclusionsThe local use of a bisphosphonate appears to favour the osseointegration of titanium implants in humans.