In vivo anterior cruciate ligament length pattern assessment secondary to differences in the femoral attachment under loading condition using image-matching techniques

Abstract

Background: The anterior cruciate ligament is composed of two functional bundles and is crucial for knee function. There is limited understanding of the role of each individual bundle and the influence on length pattern due to difference in bone tunnel position under loading conditions throughout the range of motion. We measured point to point length between the femoral and tibial footprints of the ligament throughout the range of motion in normal knees, under normal loading conditions, and investigated length pattern changes secondary to differences in the femoral footprint. We hypothesized that anteromedial and posterolateral bundles have complementary roles, and the ligament length pattern is influenced by the footprint position.

Methods: We studied the squat movements of six healthy knees and measured point to point footprint distance. The footprint distances were measured after changing them to be 10% lower, 10% shallower, and both 10% lower and shallower than the defined anatomical femoral footprint.

Results: Average length changes of 12.0 and 14.1 mm from maximum extension (10°) to deep flexion (150°) were observed when the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles were defined by the default anatomical position. Maximum and minimum length were reached during full extension and flexion for both the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles, respectively. At 10% lower, length increased 2.2 mm over the default value in both the anteromedial and posterolateral lengths. At 10% shallower, decreases of 4.1 mm and 3.9 mm were observed compared with the default anteromedial and posterolateral lengths, respectively. In the 10% lower and 10% shallower position, anteromedial and posterolateral lengths decreased 2.1 mm and 1.9 mm compared with the default value, respectively.

Conclusions: The anteromedial and posterolateral bundles have a complementary role. Femoral footprint position defined in the lower direction leads to stronger tension during extension, while the higher and shallower direction leads to isometry during flexion, and the deeper direction leads to laxity during flexion. The target bone tunnel position is that the anteromedial bundle should not to be too low and too deep to maintain function of bundle with less change in length. In addition, the posterolateral bundle should be somewhat lower and/or deeper than the anteromedial, with the expectation that it will function to induce stronger tension at the extended position. However, we should avoid lower position when we cannot prepare a sufficient diameter of reconstructed bundle to avoid re-injury due to excessive tension.