Taking 6-year-old Yanfu3/SH6/Malus hupehensis Rehd. as the test material, the dynamics of plant growth and nitrogen (N) accumulation under seven periods from germination stage to fruit maturity stage were examined by destructive analysis. The absorption, utilization, and distribution of fertilizer N were studied by 15N isotope tracer technique to clarify the N accumulation dynamics of apple trees and the maximum efficiency period of fertilizer N, and to provide theoretical basis for scientific application of N fertilizer. The results showed that the net accumulation of dry matter was 4.51 kg in germination stage (March 25) to fruit maturity stage (210 d after budbreak), with fruit accounting for 66.5%, the leaves and new shoots accounting for 20.2%, and the perennial organs accounting for 13.3%. The dry matter accumulation in 30-60 d after budbreak was the fastest, accounting for 42.9% of the whole treatment period. The fruit dry matter accumulation in 120-180 d after budbreak was the fastest, which accounted for 70% of the whole treatment period. The total N accumulation of the plant was 29.1 g, which increased rapidly in the 30-60 d and 120-180 d after budbreak by 7.2 g and 12.8 g, respectively accounting for 24.7% and 44% of the whole treatment period. The N accumulation of leaves and new shoots was the fastest in 0-60 d after budbreak, which accounted for 69.1% of the whole period. The N accumulation of fruit was the fastest in 120-180 d after budbreak, accounting for 60.8% of the whole period. The N accumulation of the perennial organ decreased first and then increased, and reached the lowest level at 60 d after budbreak. The 15N utilization rate of plant differed significantly in different periods which was at a high level in 30-60 d,120-150 d and 150-180 d after budbreak with 2.3%, 4.1% and 4.0% respectively. The 15N distribution rate in perennial organs in each period showed a high level, that of the new born organ increased first and then decreased which reached the highest level of 38.4% in 30-60 d after budbreak. The fruit reached the highest in 120-150 d and 150-180 d after budbreak by 15.0% and 16.6% respectively. Therefore, the key period of N accumulation in leaves and shoots was 30-60 d after budbreak, and that in fruit was 120-180 d after budbreak. The period with maximum efficiency for fertilizer N was at 30-60 d and 120-180 d after budbreak.
以6年生烟富3/SH6/平邑甜茶为试材,用整株破坏性解析的方法,研究了萌芽期至果实成熟期7个时期下的树体生长和氮素积累动态,并借助15N同位素示踪技术研究了树体对肥料氮的吸收利用和分配特性,以期阐明苹果树的氮积累动态和肥料氮的最大效率期,从而为科学施氮提供理论依据.结果表明: 萌芽期(3月25日)至果实成熟期(萌芽后210 d)红富士苹果幼树整株干物质净积累量为4.51 kg,其中果实占66.5%,叶梢(叶片与新梢,下同)占20.2%,多年生器官占13.3%;叶梢干物质积累量在萌芽后30～60 d增长幅度较大,占其整个处理时期的42.9%;果实干物质积累量在萌芽后120～180 d增长幅度大,占整个处理时期的70%.整株氮素净积累量为29.1 g,在萌芽后30～60 d和120～180 d增长较快,分别为7.2和12.8 g,占整个处理时期的24.7%和44%;叶梢在萌芽后0～60 d氮积累速率较快,占其整个时期的69.1%;果实的氮积累量在萌芽后120～180 d最快,占其整个时期的60.8%;多年生器官的氮积累量在处理周期内呈先下降后上升的趋势,并在萌芽后 60 d到达最低水平.树体在不同时期的15N利用率差异显著,分别在萌芽后30～60、120～150和150～180 d处于较高水平,15N利用率分别为2.3%、4.1%和4.0%;多年生器官在各个时期的15N分配率均呈现较高水平,新生器官的15N分配率均为先上升后下降的趋势,其中叶片新梢在萌芽后30～60 d达到最高水平,为38.4%;果实在萌芽后120～150 d和150～180 d到达最高水平,分别为15.0%和16.6%.因此,叶片和新梢氮素积累的关键时期为萌芽后30～60 d;果实氮素积累的关键时期为萌芽后120～180 d;树体对肥料氮的最大效率期为萌芽后30～60 d和120～180 d.
Keywords: N accumulation; apple; dry matter accumulation; fertilizer N maximum efficiency period; fertilizer N utilization.